A Morphological Process of Derivational Affixes in Popular LINE Webtoon: The Annarasumanara

This research tries to analyze the morphological process of derivational affixes in a popular LINE Webtoon comic titled Annarasumanara authored by Il Kwon Ha. This research uses a synchronic descriptive approach in which data are collected and explained naturally. The objects of this research are the conversations in Annarasumanara from episode 1 to 10. The results of the research are 53 words that changed word classes, involving 7 derivational prefixes and 47 derivational suffixes . The suffix “-ly” is the most dominantly used in the Webtoon. This study revealed not only the detailed morphological process of affix analysis but also the grammatical categories of words and meanings.


Introduction
Language uses a variety of expressions to convey a myriad of ideas, thoughts, and feelings that people have. Most of them are limited to the level of grammar and words in order to make sense and be understandable (Dixon & Aikhenvald, 2012). That account is called a morphological process, which is a process that can be explained based on basic operations (roots, stems, or body parts) that bring out the meaning desired by the speaker. Abrar (2014) states that a morphological process is a linguistic process that forms words. Within this process, people can create new words, use existing words in creative ways, and engage in linguistic wordplay .
A morphological process is used to differentiate one word or inflection from another word. It can be defined as the different ways of structuring words. It emphasizes the two main methods, word formation and derivation (Unubi & Yusuf, 2017). This is why Musa, Rahman, & Altakhaineh (2015) argued that words could be formed or developed through various morphological processes in the language. So, there is a certain word-formation or a morphological process that changes morphemes into words in a language .
Referring to the morphology process, morphology cannot be separated into linguistic terms as the most fundamental units of grammatical forms (Rustamaji, 2015). Furthermore, to build the vocabulary by adding affixed words will have different grammatical meanings and categories. For example, in the word "happy". It is an adjective. So, if you add the word "ness" after the word "happy", it substituted to the adverb "happiness". Thus its process not only changes the form of words, but also changes the meaning.
In that morphological process, derivation is used to form new words, by combining affixes. They change the basis of meaning. In many cases, derivational affixes will change the syntactic category and meaning at the same time, and sometimes the meaning is predictable (Efransyah, 2019). The derivation will list various processes in which the new words are taken from existing words or roots of words, for example from noun to adjective as in the word 'season' to 'seasonal' ; from verb to noun in the word 'sing' to 'singer'; from verb to adjectives in the word 'accept' to 'acceptable' and so on (Putri, 2018). The morphological processes can be thought as the best classification form of words.
Further, they play a role in language. It not only creates the new morphemes but also creates new morphemes in the same morpheme. In turn, it functions to compose the word. The combinations of the independent bases with two or more independent roots or stems are called compounds, while the combinations of bases with non-binding or binding elements or words involving modifiers are called derivations compounds. So, the morphological process can express another meaning in the mandatory grammatical category, otherwise known as deformation (Yunira et al., 2020).
As a result, the morphological process breaks down complex words into basic components, which are called morphemes. Morphemes are the meaningful sequences of letters that can be combined to make complex words. There is a similar difference between the inflectional and derivational morpheme. The inflectional morpheme is added to the stem to match its syntactic characteristics, for the example, 'run' and 'runs'. It exemplifies a different from of words as it is applied in the context of other sentence. On the other hand, derivational morphemes adjust the meaning of the stem to produce a new meaning, for the example 'rerun' and 'runner'. Both of the inflectional and derivational morphemes usually adjust the stem in a consistent and predictable manner. Thus it provides valuable clues for mapping the form of written word to its meaning (Rastle, 2019;Yablonski et al., 2019).
The concept of morpheme is different from the concept word. Morphemes cannot stand as words on their own. It is categorised as a free morpheme but if it can stand alone, it can be said a bound morpheme. When it is used exclusively alongside a free morphemes such as /-s/, /-ly/, /im-/, /un-/, those are called bound morpheme (Khan et al., 2016). The other part of morpheme is affix. It is the simple elements of syntactic derivations. It is the syntactic operations that manipulate the smallest object (Embick, 2015). One or more morphemes may be arranged by a single word. It can be represented by a single sound and a syllable (Rustamaji, 2015). According to Ekerete Josiah & Udoudom (2012) derivational affixes can change the class of root or base. It means that it changes the root of part of speech.. Affix has the important role to complete the sentence. It is still a bound morpheme but it has a special function in grammatical structure of the word (Ansar, 2016).
According to Utami (2014) derivational affixes have some characteristics; they are: 1) The words with derivational suffixes combine an arbitrary matter. In this case, to make a noun from the verb 'adorn', we must add the suffix "-ment" and no other suffix will match, whereas the verb can be combined only with "-ure" to make a noun 'failure'. On the other case, the base or root of the word 'employ' may use the different suffixes "-ment", "-er", "-ee" to make three nouns with different meaning (employment, employer, employee). Another example is the word 'engage'. It functions as verb, so if adding -ment in the end of word, it changes its function to be engagement as a noun; 2) In many cases, derivational suffixes change the part of speech using additional letter. The function of noun becomes an adjective by adding "-ive", and the change of the active adjective to active verb can be added by "-ate" as in the word figure. That root is used as a noun but if adding -ive in the end of the word, it becomes figurative in which it has the function of an adjective form; 3) Derivational suffixes usually do not close off a word. It can be added by another derivational suffix and next, if it is required, for example the word fertilizer.
Getting to grips with morphology and grammar are the key to have fluency in the mother tongue or foreign language. In many languages, grammar and word formation are structured by adding affixes to stems (for example adding affixes such as -er ', to the root word "work". The function of word is verb and it is altered to the noun "worker"). So it emphasizes the central role of morphological acquisition in the first learning and second language. However, in the second language acquisition and processing (L2), the phenomena of speech syntax expressed through additional words that has been identified as one of the most challenging tasks (Kimppa et al., 2019;Ciaccio & Jacob, 2019).
Linguists, language enthusiasts, and teachers of English have studied the language problems as distinction from of the morphological processes. Some of them discuses, classify, describe and identify the types of affixes grounded in morphological processes (Alhasibunur, 2016;Unubi & Yusuf, 2017;and Bunau et al., 2018). However, the study of the morphological process has never been exhausted. Hence, relating to this problem, this study focuses on the morphological process that it not only describes the morphological process of affix analysis derived from Annarasumanara comic in LINE Webtoon, but also describes the grammar category, the words, and the meanings that are produced during the derivation process.
Currently the Webtoon is a favorite reading platform for visual readers. Many innovations have been made nowadays. Through smartphone technology, all comic lovers can enjoy the reading using an ease application, either for offline or online reading (Istiqomah et al., 2020). At the same time, many digital companies compete to create the Webtoon platform. One of them must use or have Android applications as it is used by the Webtoon, and manga lovers is LINE Webtoon. This application for reading comics may be familiar to most of the people in the world. LINE Webtoon is one of the most popular comic reading applications with a total downloader more than 600,000 (Herlambang, 2020). This study contributes to the pool of knowledge on morphological process by investigating derivational affixes found in in a widely popular cyberliterature of the current generation..

Method
The method used in this study is synchronic descriptive. Synchronic research looks at what and how the parts interact. In addition, Djajasudarma (2013) shows that synchronic descriptive is a method of research and data collection in which data is collected and explained naturally. Therefore, this study explains the process of derivation of Annarasumanara comic in LINE Webtoon authored by Il Kwon Ha based on affixes that affect the meaning of words and shape changes.
The Annarasumanara consists of 27 episodes but this study limits its data from episodes 1 to 10 as the objects of the study since the utmost importance information needed about affixes as the objective of the study have already found in episode 1 to 10. So, purposive sampling was used to obtain the sample in this study. Purposive sampling is an approach where some parts confirm to certain criteria for selection (Sibona & Walczak, 2012).
Annarasumanara is one of the most famous comics in the live feed of LINE Webtoon application. Il Kwon Ha, its author, is a famous comic artist from South Korea. The word Annarasumanara comes from the Korean language which has the same meaning as "abracadabra" used by magicians.

Findings
After analysing Annarasumanara comic in LINE Webtoon, it is found out that there are 53 words which got change in class of words involve of 7 words of derivational prefixes and 46 words of derivational suffixes.

Derivational Prefix
The characteristic of derivational prefixes is the addition of derivational prefixes. It is an affix that is placed in front of a base word or root. The 7 prefixes in Annarasumanara include non-, re-(2 times), dis-, un-, im-, and ab-. The example analysis of the derivational prefixes describe as follow:

Nonsense
The word nonsense is the result of derivational process. The word nonsense is created from positive noun to negative noun. The prefix non-in the word 'nonsense' is attached to another morpheme 'sense'. The root of word 'sense' have similar meaning with feeling. After the root is added with non-, it becomes 'nonsense' that have meaning as words that have no meaning. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: Sense (noun) ↓ Non-+ sense ↓ Nonsense ( noun) Word 'nonsense' is taken from conversation on episode 1: "What a nonsense…". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Reminds
The word reminds is the result of derivational process. Word reminds is created from noun to verb. The prefix re-in the word 'remind' is attached to another morpheme 'mind'. The root of word 'mind' means part of a person's brain where their thoughts are. After added with re-, it becomes 'remind' that have meaning to remember of something important. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word remind can be seen in conversation on episode 4: "looking at you, reminds me of my old days". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Disappear
The word disappear is is created from verb to verb by adding the prefix -dis in the word 'appear'. The word 'appear' give the impression of being seem/ noticeable. After added with dis-, it becomes 'disappear' that means go out of sight or lost. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: Appear (verb) ↓ Dis-+ appear ↓ Disappear (verb) The word disappear can be found in conversation on episode 6: "If you are a real magician, make them disappear like the restaurant owner". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Unbind
The word unbind is created from verb to verb by adding the prefix un in the word 'bind'. The word 'bind' means tie something with a rope or string. After added with un-, it becomes 'unbind' that have similar meaning with untie. It means to set free something. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word unbind is in conversation on episode 6: "If you are a real magician, unbind this tedious curse of poverty". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Immature
The word immature is created from Adjective (mature) to Adjective by adding the prefix im in the word 'mature'. The word 'mature' means young person that showing emotional or act like an adult. After added with im-, it becomes 'immature' the otherwise of mature, it is not fully developed as an adult. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: Mature (adj.) ↓ Im-+ mature ↓ Immature (adj.) The word immature can be seen in conversation on episode 9: "He's saying things that the little Ai would say. Words that childish and immature". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Abnormal
The word abnormal is created from noun to Adjective by adding prefix in the word 'normal'.The word 'normal' means usual or ordinary. After added with ab-, it becomes 'abnormal' that have meaning unusual thing in a way that it is worrying or harmful. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word abnormal can be found in conversation on episode 10 "It doesn't seem normal…and you accepted to that abnormal thing". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Replaces
The word replaces is the result of adding the prefix in the word 'place'. The word 'place' means the position or area. After added with re-, it becomes 'replace' that have meaning put something in the new position. The process of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word replace can be found in conversation in episode 10: "Ta-da! This is called 'switch' magic that replaces one thing with another". The word replace appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Derivational Suffix
Derivational suffix is an affix that is placed after a base word or root. Derivational suffixes are occurring more often in Annarasumanara. Derivational suffixes denoting processes vary not only in form but also in function. For example, the derivational suffixes -ian,ment, -ance and -er have a noun maker function, -less, -ish, -ous as an adjective maker and -ly as an adverb maker. The 46 suffixes in Annarasumanara include:ian (1), -ment (2)

Magician
The word magician is the result of adding the suffix -ian in the word 'magic'. It is created from noun to noun. The word 'magic' means a secret power to make impossible thing happen or do some tricks by saying special words. After added with -ian, it becomes 'magician'. It means the person who have the secret power to make impossible thing to happen. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word magician is used four times in the Annarasumanara. Two of them are in the conversation on episode 1: "Have you heard about the magician?", and on episode 10: "If you are a real magician, make them disappear like the restaurant owner".

Amusement
The word amusement is the result of adding the suffix -ment in the word 'amuse'. It is created from verb to noun. The word 'amuse' is the verb that make time pass pleasantly. After added with -ment, it becomes 'amusement' that means something that make time pass pleasantly. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: Amuse (verb) ↓ Amuse + -ment ↓ Amusement (Noun) The amusement can be seen in conversation on episode 1: "You know, there's an amusement park on the hill." This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10

Attendance
The word attendance is the result of adding the suffix -ance in the word 'attend'. It is created from verb to noun. The word 'attend' have meaning be present at the event. After added with -ance, it becomes 'attendance'. It means an act of being present at the event. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word attendance can be found in conversation on episode 1: "I'll call attendance in 5 minutes". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Owner
The word owner is the result of adding the suffixer in the word 'own'. It is created from adjective to noun. The word 'own' means belonging tho the person mentioned. After added with -er, it becomes 'owner'. It refers to someone belonging. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word owner is in conversation on episode 1: "The owner seems like a nice person". This word appears twice in the entire episode 1 to 10 that is in episode 1 and 6.

Breathless
The word breathless is the result of adding the suffix -less in the word 'breath'. It is created from noun to adjective. The word 'breath' means air taken into and sent out of the lungs. After added with -less, it becomes 'breathless'. It means that having difficulty to breathing. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word breathless is found in conversation on episode 2: "You ran? Why so breathless?" This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Totally
The word totally is the result of adding the suffixly in the word 'total'. It is created from noun to adverb. The word 'total' means the number or amount. After added with -ly, it becomes 'totally'. It has similar meaning with completely. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: Total (noun) ↓ Total + -ly ↓ Totally (adv.) The word totally can be seen in conversation on episode 2: "I was so startled and ran so hard, I totally forgot about it". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Truly
The word truly is the result of adding the suffix -ly in the word 'true'. It is created from adjective to adverb The word 'true' means giving the right statement or connected with fact. After added with -ly, it becomes 'truly' that have meaning same as sincerely or feel grateful. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: True (adj.) ↓ True + -ly ↓ Truly (adv.) The word truly can be found in conversation on episode 3: "I am truly truly envious". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Envious
The word envious is the result of adding the suffix -ous in the word 'envy'. It is created from verb to adjective The word 'envy' means wishing something what everyone has with the same qualities. After added with -ous, it becomes 'envious'. it means that feeling envy and want something better than everyone has. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram: The word envious can be found in conversation on episode 3: "I am truly truly envious". This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.

Question
The word question is the result of adding the suffix -ion in the word 'quest'. It is created from noun to noun The word 'quest' means long search. After adding -ion, it becomes 'question' that have meaning sentence that ask for information. The word of derivation can be seen in the following diagram bellow: The word question is in conversation on episode 3: "So it was a hard question… thanks anyway." This word appears only once in the entire episode 1 to 10.
The summary of morphological process of derivational affixes in Annarasumanara comic episode 1 to 10 in LINE Webtoon can be seen at table 1. It is found that not all affixes have the same function when attached to the root or base. When the affixes change the class of a root or base then they are called derivational affixes. The example of prefix re-, ab-and the suffixes -ment, -ance are called derivational affixes because re-changes a noun (mind) into a verb (remind); ab-changes a noun (normal) into an adjective (abnormal); -ment changes a verb (amuse) into a noun (amusement); -ance changes a verb (attend) into a noun (attendance).
In derivational prefix, a noun can be made by adding non-to the noun (sense-nonsense); by adding ab-to the adjective (normal-abnormal). A verb can be made by adding re-to the noun (mind-remind, placereplace); by adding dis-, un-to the verb (appeardisappear, bind-unbind). An adjective can be made by adding im-to the adjective (mature-immature).
From these details can be seen that suffix -ly as adverb maker is used 9 times and as derivational affixes which occurred the most in the selected LINE Webtoon.

Conclusion
This study thoroughly describes the morphological process within a cyberliterature that the current generation widely consumes from the modern and smartphone-tailored reading application. After analysing the webtoon comic titled Annarasumanara, it can be concluded that there was morphological process dealing with roots, bases and stems. For example: move + ment = movement. The word 'move' is the root and the word 'movement' is base; danger + ous = dangerous. The word 'danger' is the root and the word 'dangerous' is the base; bare + ly = barely. The word 'bare' is the root and the word 'barely' is the base. There were two types of affixes, namely prefix and suffix. From the analysis can be known that there are 7 derivational prefix and 46 derivational suffixes. The suffix "-ly" is the most dominantly used in Annarasumanara comic in LINE Webtoon.