Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian (JIP) is a peer-reviewed open access journal published by Universitas Lancang Kuning that focuses on agricultural science and sustainable land use in tropical agroecosystems. The journal particularly addresses agricultural systems in Southeast Asia and other tropical regions, which are key areas for global food production and sustainability challenges. The journal publishes original research and reviews covering agronomy and crop science, soil and plant sciences, crop protection, sustainable agricultural inputs, agro-industrial innovation, and socio-economic studies related to agriculture, including value chain analysis and agricultural risk management. JIP also welcomes interdisciplinary contributions addressing environmental dimensions of agriculture, including land use change, climate change impacts, and agro-ecosystem sustainability. JIP was initially published twice a year (February and August). Since Volume 19 (2022), the journal has adopted a triannual publication schedule, with issues released in March, July, and December. All articles are published online through the journal’s official website. All submitted manuscripts undergo a double-blind peer-review process. ISSN (Print): 1829-8346 ISSN (Online): 2502-5988 view full focus & scope
Genotype-dependent growth and quality responses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) to potassium nitrate under dynamic root floating hydroponics
Limited understanding of genotype-dependent responses to nutrient enrichment remains a key constraint in optimizing melon production under dynamic root floating hydroponic systems. This study evaluated genotype-dependent growth and fruit quality responses of melon (Cucumis melo L.) to potassium nitrate (KNO₃) supplementation under a dynamic root floating technique (DRFT) hydroponic system. A two-factor split-plot design with three replications was used, consisting of four KNO₃ doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 g plant⁻¹) and three melon varieties. KNO₃ supplementation significantly affected plant growth, fruit weight, flesh thickness, and sugar content, with the optimal response generally observed at 4 g plant⁻¹. At this level, fruit weight and flesh thickness reached their highest values, while sugar content was maximized in specific varieties, indicating differential genotype performance. Among the tested varieties, Kinanti exhibited superior sugar content, whereas Kirani produced higher fruit weight and flesh thickness. Regression analysis further confirmed an optimal KNO₃ level of approximately 4.25 g plant⁻¹, although the strength of the response varied among parameters. These findings demonstrate that potassium nitrate plays a critical role in enhancing melon productivity under hydroponic conditions, with growth and quality responses strongly influenced by genotype-specific characteristics.
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Land type drives pest infestation patterns in smallholder cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) agroecosystems
Pest infestation remains a major constraint in smallholder cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production, particularly in tropical agroecosystems where environmental heterogeneity can influence pest dynamics. However, the role of land type in shaping pest infestation patterns under field conditions is still insufficiently understood. This study examined how land type influences pest infestation patterns in smallholder cocoa agroecosystems. Observations were conducted across three land types, including sloping, flat, and shaded areas, in a farmer-managed cocoa plantation. A total of 265 cocoa pods were evaluated across three observation periods, and infestation was assessed based on visible damage and pest presence. The results showed that pest infestation differed across land types, with higher infestation rates observed in sloping and shaded areas (approximately 43–44%) compared to flat land (approximately 29%). Statistical analysis indicated a weak association between land type and infestation level, while pairwise comparison revealed significantly lower infestation in flat areas. These findings suggest that land type contributes to shaping pest infestation dynamics, likely through differences in microenvironmental conditions such as moisture, canopy cover, and habitat suitability. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating land characteristics into site-specific pest management strategies in tropical cocoa agroecosystems.
An integrated in planta infection and in vitro selection strategy for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Tagetes erecta
Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is an important ornamental plant valued for its diverse flower colors and morphological variation. Enhancing the genetic variability of this species can be achieved through biotechnological approaches, particularly genetic transformation mediated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This study aimed to evaluate an integrated transformation strategy that combines in planta infection with in vitro selection and regeneration in T. erecta. Gene transfer was initiated through in planta infection, followed by hygromycin-based selection and shoot regeneration under in vitro conditions. This approach resulted in a transformation efficiency of 20.93% and a regeneration efficiency of 2.32%, calculated based on the number of hygromycin-resistant explants and regenerated shoots relative to the total number of treated seeds. PCR-based molecular analysis detected the presence of the target gene fragment in putative transformants, suggesting that gene transfer events may have occurred during the transformation process. However, PCR detection alone cannot confirm stable genomic integration or inheritance of the introduced gene. Despite the relatively low regeneration efficiency, the integration of in planta transformation with in vitro selection demonstrates potential as a preliminary strategy for further optimization of transformation protocols in T. erecta, and may support the development of more practical transformation approaches in ornamental plant breeding.
Predator communities associated with Spodoptera exigua in tropical shallot agroecosystems
Spodoptera exigua Hübner is a major pest of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) that can significantly reduce productivity in tropical agroecosystems. Pest control in shallot cultivation still relies heavily on synthetic insecticides, which may lead to pest resistance and negatively affect natural enemy populations. This study identified predator communities associated with S. exigua in tropical shallot agroecosystems in Bangli Regency, Bali, Indonesia. Field observations were conducted in four shallot-producing villages (Trunyan, Buahan, Kedisan, and Songan) from June to September 2025. Predator abundance, pest population, and infestation levels were analyzed using ecological indices including Shannon diversity (H′), evenness (E), species richness (R), and dominance (D). Seven predator groups were identified, with moderate to high diversity (H′ = 1.51–1.77) and high evenness (E > 0.78). Predator abundance showed a strong negative correlation with S. exigua population (r = −0.76; R² = 0.58). These results highlight the importance of predator conservation in sustainable integrated pest management for tropical shallot production.
Physiological responses of pakcoy (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) to chitosan application under short-term drought stress
Drought stress is a major environmental factor limiting leafy vegetable productivity in greenhouse cultivation. Chitosan is widely reported as a biostimulant that may enhance stress tolerance through physiological and biochemical regulation. This study aimed to evaluate physiological responses of pakcoy (Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis) to foliar-applied chitosan under short-term drought stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using a factorial design with three chitosan concentrations (0, 1, and 2 g L⁻¹) and three drought durations (0, 2, and 4 days without irrigation prior to harvest). Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, proline accumulation, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) content, and leaf area were measured to assess plant responses. Results showed that moderate chitosan application (1 g L⁻¹) helped maintain plant growth and physiological stability under mild drought conditions. In contrast, higher chitosan concentrations increased oxidative responses, indicated by elevated H₂O₂ and proline levels. Principal component analysis revealed distinct physiological response patterns associated with chitosan dosage and drought duration. The study provides insights into the dose-dependent role of chitosan in modulating physiological responses of leafy vegetables under short-term water deficit.
Preliminary in vitro inhibitory activity of a combined acetogenin–curcumin extract against Fusarium spp.
Fusarium spp. are among the most destructive soil-borne fungal pathogens affecting chilli production and remain difficult to control using conventional approaches. This study reports a preliminary in vitro observation of the inhibitory activity of a combined acetogenin–curcumin extract against Fusarium spp. Acetogenin was obtained from soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.), while curcumin was derived from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.). The study involved extract preparation, fungal isolation, functional group identification, and antifungal assays using different extract ratios. Morphological observations confirmed that the isolated pathogen was consistent with Fusarium spp. Among the tested formulations, the extract combination containing 60% acetogenin and 40% curcumin showed the highest inhibitory activity, reducing fungal colony growth by up to 84% compared to the control. These findings provide an initial indication that a combined acetogenin–curcumin extract may enhance in vitro inhibition of Fusarium spp. and support further investigation using replicated assays and extended evaluations.
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Rethinking sweet potato value chains in smallholder systems: A perspective from Zimbabwe
Sweet potato plays an important role in supporting food security, nutrition, and livelihoods in smallholder farming systems across sub-Saharan Africa. Despite its agronomic resilience and socio-economic potential, sweet potato often remains marginalised within local and regional agrifood systems. This article presents a perspective on sweet potato value chains in smallholder contexts, using Zimbabwe as an illustrative setting. Rather than reporting empirical findings, the paper reflects on structural and institutional challenges that constrain value chain performance, particularly weak coordination among actors, limited value addition, and the dominance of informal market arrangements. Drawing on practice-informed insights and existing literature, this perspective argues that conventional value chain interventions that prioritise production gains alone are insufficient. Greater attention is required to address coordination gaps, stakeholder linkages, and enabling environments that shape how value is created and distributed. The article concludes by outlining key considerations for rethinking value chain strategies aimed at enhancing the inclusiveness, resilience, and sustainability of sweet potato-based smallholder systems.
Mapping production risk in clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) plantations using a fishbone diagram
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) is a strategic spice commodity that plays an important role in both domestic consumption and export markets in Indonesia. Despite its high economic value, clove production in Solok Regency has experienced considerable fluctuations in recent years, indicating the presence of production risks that have not been comprehensively identified. This study aims to identify the root causes of production risk in clove farming using a qualitative exploratory approach based on fishbone diagram analysis. The study was conducted in Gunung Talang District, a major clove-producing area in Solok Regency. Primary data were collected through structured surveys and field observations involving 30 purposively selected clove farmers. The results indicate that clove farming serves as a primary livelihood activity and is exposed to multiple interconnected risk factors. A total of 14 sources of production risk were identified and classified into four main categories: natural disasters, human resources, pest and disease attacks, and production facilities and infrastructure. These findings demonstrate that production risks in clove farming are multidimensional and interrelated rather than driven by single factors. This study provides empirical and conceptual insights by developing a root cause–based production risk analysis framework that can support more targeted, contextual, and sustainable risk management strategies for clove farming.
Soil physical properties and organic matter govern available water in Inceptisols under different land uses
Understanding soil water availability is critical for sustainable land management in tropical agricultural systems, particularly in Inceptisols that often exhibit inherent physical constraints. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of soil physical properties and organic matter on available water under different land uses. The study was conducted in a representative Inceptisol landscape in Beji District, Pasuruan, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected from four land use types at two depths (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm), and key properties including bulk density, porosity, texture, and soil organic matter were analyzed along with soil water retention characteristics. The results showed that available water content was consistently low across all land uses, with values generally below 10%, and no significant differences were observed among land use types (p > 0.05). In contrast, soil properties exhibited significant relationships with available water. Soil organic matter and porosity were positively associated with water availability, whereas bulk density showed a negative relationship. Multiple regression analysis indicated that these variables jointly explained a substantial proportion of the variation in available water. These findings suggest that intrinsic soil properties, particularly soil physical characteristics and organic matter, play a more dominant role than land use in regulating water availability in Inceptisols. Improving soil organic matter may be more effective for enhancing soil water availability than changing land use.
Sustainable valorization of pineapple peel into nata de pina through physicochemical and economic evaluation
Pineapple peel is an abundant agro-industrial residue with considerable potential for conversion into value-added products within a sustainable waste management framework. This study investigated the production of nata de pina from pineapple peel and evaluated its physicochemical characteristics and economic performance. Pineapple peel extract was inoculated with Acetobacter xylinum and fermented for 14–15 days under controlled laboratory conditions. The resulting nata contained 95.06% moisture, 0.05% ash, 1.56% fat, 0.47% protein, 0.56% crude fiber, and 8.91 mg/100 g reducing sugars. Most physicochemical parameters complied with Indonesian National Standards (SNI); however, the moisture content exceeded the maximum allowable limit (80%), indicating the need for improved post-fermentation handling to enhance product stability, safety, and shelf life. Economic evaluation per production cycle revealed an added value of Rp265,600 with a value-added ratio of 98.37%, while total production costs of Rp390,500 generated a profit of Rp267,000 per cycle. These results demonstrate that pineapple peel is a technically feasible and economically efficient substrate for nata production, supporting its potential application in sustainable, community-based agro-industrial development.
Isolation and antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria from the traditional fermented food cangkuok semaung in Riau, Indonesia
Fermentation can be an effective step in addressing postharvest handling challenges and enhancing nutritional value through the conversion of perishable crops into more stable products. One of the traditional fermented foods originating from Kuantan Singingi Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, is cangkuok semaung (CS). This food is prepared by fermenting all fruit components of the semaung (Pangium edule). This research aimed to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from CS and investigate their antimicrobial properties. The bacteria were isolated from the food, purified using the quadrant streak method on the De Man–Rogosa–Sharpe agar, and continued with morphological analysis and antimicrobial activities evaluation. The findings of this study revealed that 45 isolates were gram-positive bacteria identified as Lactobacillus sp. Among the LAB isolates, the highest antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were shown by isolates of S12, S14, S27, and S24, respectively. These results suggest that LAB from CS, especially isolates S12 and S14, have promising antimicrobial properties and show potential as probiotic candidates that merit further investigation into possible applications in food and health sectors.
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Disease suppression and growth enhancement in colchicine-treated putative polyploid emprit ginger against Ralstonia solanacearum
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum remains a major constraint in emprit ginger cultivation, while conventional control strategies are often ineffective and limited by the narrow genetic variability of vegetatively propagated planting materials. This study aimed to induce putative polyploid lines in emprit ginger using colchicine and evaluate the resulting plants’ morphological, physiological, and disease response traits. A factorial randomized block design was employed with six colchicine concentrations (10–100 ppm) and two soaking durations (12 and 36 h). Morphological traits, pigment content, shoot development, germination, and disease response indicators (AUDPC, disease severity, and progression rates) were evaluated. Colchicine treatment significantly enhanced leaf area, plant height, and shoot number, while delaying germination in a dose-dependent manner. Colchicine-treated putative polyploid lines exhibited reduced disease severity and slower progression of bacterial wilt, particularly at moderate colchicine concentrations (10–20 ppm). Although ploidy level was not cytologically confirmed, the observed phenotypic responses are consistent with traits commonly associated with polyploid induction. The results suggest that colchicine-induced putative polyploid lines could offer a practical preliminary approach for improving growth and suppressing bacterial wilt in emprit ginger, thereby supporting the development of more resilient planting materials.
Dominant genera of plant-parasitic nematodes in kepok banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana) cultivation in Pidie, Indonesia
Banana (Musa spp.) is a vital agricultural commodity in Indonesia. In Pidie Regency, Aceh, Indonesia, production declined significantly by 46% between 2021 and 2023, partly due to infestations by plant-parasitic nematodes. This study aimed to identify the dominant genera of parasitic nematodes in the kepok banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) cultivar grown in Padang Tiji District, Pidie, Indonesia, using soil samples collected from three villages. Four nematode genera were identified: Pratylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne, and Xiphinema. Pratylenchus was dominant in Tunong Tanjong and Keupula Tanjong fields, while Helicotylenchus predominated in Tuha Peudaya. The highest nematode abundance was recorded in the Tunong Tanjong field, averaging 33,973.4 individuals per 10 g of soil. These findings provide valuable baseline data for nematode pest management and support the development of targeted control strategies to enhance sustainable banana cultivation in the region.
Effects of leachate-based liquid organic fertilizer on soil fertility and chili growth in biochar-amended marginal soil
Soil fertility degradation and limited access to sustainable inputs pose major constraints in marginal agricultural lands. Organic waste leachate, although rich in nutrients, often contains phytotoxic compounds that limit its direct application as fertilizer. This study evaluated the effect of leachate-based liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) on soil fertility and the growth response of chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens) in marginal soils amended with biochar. Four treatments were tested: no LOF, 20% LOF, 40% LOF, and 60% LOF. Soil analysis showed that LOF application improved pH, organic carbon, and macronutrient content (N, P,K), with the highest pH in the 20% LOF treatment and the highest C-organic in the 60% LOF treatment. However, the best plant growth was observed in the control treatment, possibly indicating inhibitory effects of phytotoxic compounds such as phenols and organic acids present in the LOF. Although 20% LOF resulted in the highest fruit weight, differences among treatments were not statistically significant. These results suggest that while leachate-based LOF enhances soil quality, its high concentration may hinder plant growth. The findings support the potential use of leachate as a low-cost nutrient source for sustainable agriculture, provided that proper detoxification and formulation strategies are applied.
Sustainable vegetable production through pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.) growth response to bio-slurry liquid organic fertilizer intervals
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa L.) is a fast-growing leafy vegetable with high nutritional value, making it an important crop for sustainable vegetable production. However, its cultivation often relies on chemical fertilizers, which are costly and environmentally detrimental. Bio-slurry liquid organic fertilizer (LOF), a nutrient-rich by-product of biogas production, offers a sustainable alternative. This study aimed to evaluate the growth response of pakchoi to different application intervals of bio-slurry LOF to identify the most effective schedule for improving plant performance. A non-factorial completely randomized design was employed with four treatments: P0 (control), P1 (application of 100 ml LOF every 7 days), P2 (every 9 days), and P3 (every 11 days), each replicated six times. Growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, and fresh weight, were measured and analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by DMRT at the 5% significance level. Results showed that fertilization every 9 days (P2) produced the highest plant height, leaf number, and fresh weight compared to other treatments. These findings highlight the potential of bio-slurry LOF to reduce reliance on chemical fertilizers while enhancing pakchoi growth, thereby supporting sustainable vegetable farming practices.
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Microwave-assisted extraction and computational modelling of curcumin from turmeric (Curcuma longa) for sunscreen applications
Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight can cause skin damage, including premature aging, sunburn, and increased risk of skin cancer. While synthetic sunscreen agents are widely used, concerns over their long-term safety have driven interest in natural alternatives. In this study, curcumin was extracted from turmeric rhizomes (Curcuma longa) using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) as a potential natural sunscreen. The highest yield was obtained using ethanol as solvent (5.5%), 100 watts of microwave power (5.7%), and solvent temperature of 50 °C (7.8%). Curcumin presence was confirmed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), with Rf values from 0.63 (methanol) to 0.82 (ethanol). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed functional groups including O–H, C–H, C=C, C=O, and C–O, along with trans-C–H benzoate vibrations. ¹H-NMR spectra supported its presence, with chemical shifts at 3.80–3.92, 6.54–7.18, and 7.31–7.49 ppm. UV-Vis analysis revealed strong absorption in the UV-A region (320–420 nm), and DFT-based computational modelling showed peaks at 276 and 405 nm. These results highlight curcumin’s potential as a photoprotective agent, supporting safer, plant-based sunscreen formulations and offering a sustainable alternative for the cosmetic industry.
Agronomic performance and sugar yield potential of seven promising sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) clones in second ratoon cultivation
The decline in sugarcane productivity and the imbalance between sugar production and national consumption are largely attributed to the genetic degradation of long-cultivated commercial varieties and suboptimal ratoon management. This study evaluates the agronomic performance and sugar yield potential of seven promising sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) clones in their second ratoon cycle. The research was conducted at the Sugarcane Research and Development Center (P3T) in collaboration with PG Krembung, PT Perkebunan Nusantara X (PTPN X), in Watesari Village, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with one factor and nine treatments was employed. Statistical analysis comprised ANOVA at a 5% significance level, Least Significant Difference (LSD) test, genetic diversity analysis, and heritability estimation. The results revealed significant differences among the clones in stalk diameter, brix, stalk weight, yield, and sugar content. The JW01 UMG NX clone exhibited the highest stalk diameter (33.31 mm) and sugar recovery (11.64%), while the SB19 UMG NX clone demonstrated the highest stalk weight (165.28 tons/ha), brix (23.78 °Bx), and yield (18.79 tons/ha). Genetic diversity was low across all measured traits, but heritability values were high, suggesting a strong genetic influence. These findings indicate that JW01 UMG NX and SB19 UMG NX are highly productive and hold strong potential as candidates for new superior varieties (VUB) to support national sugar self-sufficiency.
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Productivity and genetic variation of elite sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) clones under dryland grumusol soil
Sugar production in Indonesia has declined in recent years, primarily due to climate change, extreme weather conditions, and the limited availability of high-yielding varieties. This study aimed to evaluate the productivity and genetic variation of seven elite sugarcane clones and two commercial varieties cultivated under dryland grumusol soil conditions. The research was conducted at PT Perkebunan Nusantara X, Sidoarjo, Indonesia, using a randomized block design (RBD) with nine treatments and three replications. Agronomic and yield-related parameters such as plant height, number of stalks, internodes, stalk weight, Brix value, sugar content, and crystal yield were measured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by a 5% LSD test, and correlation analysis was conducted to assess inter-variable relationships. Results showed significant differences among clones in all measured traits. JW01 UMG NX exhibited the highest Brix value (24%), stem weight (106.4 tons/ha), and crystal yield (9.66 tons/ha), while SB20 UMG NX recorded the highest sugar content (9.46%). Positive correlations were observed between stalk weight and Crystal yield, while Brix values were negatively correlated with plant height. These findings indicate that the selected clones possess valuable agronomic traits and adaptability to dryland grumusol soil, making them strong candidates for future variety development
Phytoremediation potential of Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in lead (Pb) contaminated urban coastal areas
Heavy metal contamination in urban coastal areas poses a serious environmental threat, with lead (Pb) being one of the most persistent and hazardous pollutants. Mangrove forests, which act as natural buffers between land and sea, have the potential to mitigate heavy metal pollution through phytoremediation. This study evaluates the phytoremediation potential of three mangrove species—Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza—in lead-contaminated coastal areas of Wonorejo and Gunung Anyar, Surabaya, Indonesia. Sediment, root, and leaf samples were collected using a survey method and purposive random sampling. Physiochemical analysis included soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and Pb concentration. Pb levels in Gunung Anyar sediments reached 12.0 ppm, higher than Wonorejo’s 4.05 ppm. A. marina exhibited the highest Pb accumulation, with a bioconcentration factor (BCF) of 8.85 in roots and 6.97 in leaves. R. mucronata had a BCF of 5.75 in roots and 2.09 in leaves, while B. gymnorrhiza demonstrated a root BCF of 28.8 and leaf BCF of 28.4. Translocation factor (TF) analysis revealed that A. marina had the highest TF (1.27), indicating phytostabilization as its primary mechanism. Meanwhile, R. mucronata and B. gymnorrhiza exhibited phytoextraction characteristics due to higher metal translocation efficiency. These findings highlight the distinct phytoremediation strategies among species.
Biocontrol efficacy of endophytic bacteria from Mimosa pudica L. against Fusarium oxysporum in kepok banana (Musa acuminata × balbisiana) in vitro
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is a major fungal pathogen responsible for Fusarium wilt disease in banana plants, significantly reducing productivity and leading to substantial economic losses. This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of endophytic bacteria isolated from Mimosa pudica L. against Foc through an in vitro assay. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments was employed, including a negative control (CP0), a positive control (CPF0), and two endophytic bacterial isolates from Mimosa pudica L. (BEP8 and BEP15), each with four replications. The antagonistic activity of these isolates was assessed using the dual culture method. The results demonstrated that BEP8 and BEP15 significantly inhibited Foc growth from 1 to 5 days after inoculation (DAI), with maximum inhibition rates observed on day 4, reaching 36.60% and 37.52%, respectively. These findings suggest that endophytic bacteria from Mimosa pudica possess potential as biocontrol agents against Foc. However, further molecular identification and greenhouse trials are necessary to confirm their efficacy in real-world applications.
Physicochemical characterization of coconut shell liquid smoke and its potential as a natural preservative for fish balls
Synthetic preservatives in food products pose potential health risks and environmental concerns, leading to an increasing demand for natural alternatives. This study evaluates the physicochemical properties of liquid smoke derived from coconut shells and its potential as a natural preservative for fish balls. The production of liquid smoke involved torrefaction at 250°C, followed by purification through distillation and adsorption with activated carbon. The liquid smoke was characterized by a pH of 2.86, a density of 1.058 g/mL, and a total titratable acidity of 8.95%, meeting the Indonesian National Standard for Crude Lignocellulose Liquid Smoke (SNI 8985:2021). GC-MS analysis revealed that acetic acid (80.87%) and phenol (8.90%) were the predominant compounds, contributing to its antimicrobial properties. The efficacy of liquid smoke as a preservative was tested on fish balls at concentrations of 3%, 5%, and 7%. The best preservation effect was observed at 7% concentration, which resulted in the lowest total plate count (2.35 × 10⁶ CFU/g) after one day of storage at room temperature. These findings suggest that coconut shell-derived liquid smoke exhibits promising physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial properties, making it a potential natural alternative to synthetic preservatives for food preservation.
Impact of roasting temperature on the chemical composition and quality of avocado seed flour (Persea americana Mill.)
Avocado seeds (Persea americana Mill.) are an underutilized agricultural byproduct with significant starch content, making them a potential raw material for flour production. Roasting is a key processing method that enhances drying efficiency and improves sensory attributes. This study investigates the impact of roasting temperature (120°C, 130°C, 140°C, and 150°C) on the chemical composition and quality of avocado seed flour (ASF). The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Proximate analysis and tannin content were determined through standard laboratory methods. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that the optimal roasting temperature for ASF is 150°C, yielding the following composition: moisture content (5.47±0.76%), tannin content (0.0723±0.0004%), protein content (1.66±0.033%), carbohydrate content (86.45±0.91%), fat content (2.08±0.23%), and ash content (4.34±0.03%). Higher roasting temperatures resulted in lower moisture and tannin levels, which are beneficial for improving ASF quality. This study provides valuable insights into optimizing roasting conditions for ASF production, enhancing its potential application in food processing.
Impact of dietary Sardinella lemuru fish oil supplementation on egg production and fatty acid profile of laying quails in smallholder farming
Smallholder quail farms often face limitations in providing high-quality feed that can improve both productivity and nutritional quality of eggs, particularly in enhancing essential fatty acids such as omega-3. Bali sardinella (Sardinella lemuru) fish oil is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and holds potential as a dietary supplement to enhance egg nutritional value. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of S. lemuru fish oil supplementation in feed on egg production and fatty acid profile of laying quails under smallholder farming conditions. A randomized block design was applied with four treatments: T0 (0% LFO), T1 (2% LFO), T2 (4% LFO), and T3 (6% LFO), each with two replications and 50 adult female quails per unit. The results showed that S. lemuru fish oil supplementation had no significant effect on egg weight, egg length, viscosity, yolk diameter and height, or other physical egg parameters. However, T3 significantly reduced egg production. The 2% LFO treatment (T1) resulted in the highest crude protein content in the feed and relatively better performance and physical egg quality. The fatty acid profile of eggs was dominated by oleic, palmitic, and linoleic acids, with omega-3 levels increasing in line with higher LFO doses. These findings suggest that 2% S. lemuru fish oil supplementation is suitable for smallholder quail farming to improve egg quality without significantly increasing production costs.
Assessing business management factors in young agricultural entrepreneurs in Indonesia
Indonesia faces a pressing challenge in its agricultural sector: the declining participation of young workers due to limited entrepreneurial opportunities and inadequate business management skills. This study investigates the factors influencing business management among young agricultural entrepreneurs participating in the growth of young agricultural entrepreneurs (PWMP) program at Politeknik Pembangunan Pertanian (Polbangtan) Medan, Indonesia. Utilizing a descriptive quantitative approach, data were gathered through questionnaires and analyzed using Likert scale measurements and multiple linear regression tests. The findings highlight that business management capabilities were categorized as high (79.68%), supported by strong personality traits (84.30%), high knowledge levels (83.05%), extensive experience (81.13%), a supportive family environment (75.80%), and a robust entrepreneurial ecosystem (79.78%). Regression analysis revealed that personality, experience, family environment, and the entrepreneurial ecosystem significantly impacted business management capabilities, while knowledge had no notable effect. These results underscore the importance of structured interventions, such as internships and business incubation programs, to enhance practical business skills and foster entrepreneurial success.
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In vitro efficacy of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizosphere for biological control of plant pathogens
The excessive use of synthetic chemical pesticides in controlling plant diseases poses significant challenges to sustainable agriculture. As an environmentally friendly alternative, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have shown promise by colonizing plant roots and forming symbiotic relationships that enhance plant growth and suppress plant pathogens. Research on the isolation of PGPR from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizosphere in Indonesia remains limited, highlighting the need for further exploration to support genetic resource conservation and sustainable agricultural practices. This study aims to evaluate the potential of PGPR isolates from Z. officinale rhizosphere in Semarang, Indonesia, as biological control agents. Isolates were characterized based on morphology, biochemical traits, and their antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum sp., and Alternaria sp. A total of 14 isolates were obtained, exhibiting diverse morphological, biochemical, and antagonistic properties. Among them, isolate 235A2 demonstrated the highest potential as a biological control agent, with capabilities including phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, protease enzyme production, and significant inhibition rates of F. oxysporum (13.79%), Colletotrichum sp. (55.56%), and Alternaria sp. (35.61%) in vitro. These findings underscore the potential of PGPR as a sustainable alternative for biological control of plant pathogens, supporting both enhanced plant productivity and environmental conservation.
The effect of liquid inorganic fertilizer on the growth of seven sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) clones for sugar factory in Indonesia
Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a type of plantation crop that has high economic value as the main ingredient for sugar production. Indonesia's sugar demand increases every year, but it is not accompanied by an increase in sugar production. Problems that cause low sugar production include seed quality, fertilizer availability, water availability, slash-and-carry management, and inadequate soil conditions. Increasing sugarcane productivity and production is related to the level of yield production. The availability of new superior varieties (VUB) is one way that can be done to produce high sugar production. The continuous use of excessive inorganic fertilizers can cause problems in agriculture. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of inorganic liquid fertilizer on the growth of seven sugarcane clones (Saccharum officinarum L.) in Sidoarjo Regency, Indonesia. This research was conducted in the Sugarcane Research and Development Center (P3T) garden and in collaboration with PG Krembung PT Perkebunan Nusantara X (PTPN X) in October-January 2021. This study used a one-factor Randomized Group Design (RAK) with 9 treatments and 3 replications. Parameters observed in this study were stem diameter, stem length, and number of stems. The results showed that the growth of the K4 sugarcane clone (SB 11 clone) was higher than the K5 (PS 881 clone). Petrovita fertilizer application resulted in more optimal growth in sugarcane clone.
Evaluating chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed administration for cholesterol reduction in quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds contain phenolic compounds such as flavonols and phenolic acids (myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, caffeic acid) that act as primary and synergistic antioxidants. These antioxidants reduce cholesterol by inhibiting absorption in the intestine and enhancing bile acid formation, facilitating cholesterol excretion through feces. Additionally, the high protein and fiber content in S. hispanica L. seeds reduces appetite and promotes prolonged satiety. This study evaluates the effect of different administration patterns of S. hispanica L. seeds on cholesterol reduction in common quail (Coturnix coturnix). The research involved five groups: three treatment groups receiving S. hispanica L. seeds at varying frequencies (once, twice, three times daily) and two controls (positive, negative), with six C. coturnix in each group. The S. hispanica L. seed dose was 1.8 mg per 200 g body weight (BW) administered for 30 days. Cholesterol levels were measured at baseline and after treatment and analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s Post Hoc Test. Results indicated that administering S. hispanica L. seeds three times daily significantly reduced cholesterol levels (p < 0.05) compared to other frequencies. This research provides a foundation for further exploration into practical applications of S. hispanica L. seeds in cholesterol management, both in animals and potentially in humans.
Photoperiod effects on the growth stages of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions
Spodoptera frugiperda, commonly known as the fall armyworm, is a pest that attacks maize plants in Indonesia. Light is one of the crucial factors in the development of S. frugiperda. This study aims to observe and analyze the effects of different light exposure (photoperiod) on the duration of larval instars, pupal stage, and imago, as well as the body length and weight of S. frugiperda. The expected benefit of this research is to provide insights into how light influences the developmental stages of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions. The test insects, S. frugiperda, were obtained from Agricultural Standardization Testing Center - Sweetener and Fiber Crops (BSIP-TAS) and were reared from the first instar larval stage, with a total of 56 individuals fed with young maize cobs. S. frugiperda undergoes complete metamorphosis, passing through egg, larval, pupal, and imago stages. The treatment with no light and 24 hours of darkness (0L:24D) resulted in the shortest duration for the larval, pupal, and imago stages, averaging 27.42 days, compared to other treatments. On the other hand, the 24L:0D treatment significantly affected body length and weight, showing distinct differences from other treatments (L: light; D: dark). The effect of light, using 238.89 lux illumination, was found to influence the development of S. frugiperda at each developmental stage.
Enhancing lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) production with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
Cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) using plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in Sorong Regency is uncommon, limiting production despite the high market potential. This study aims to evaluate the effect of PGPR and identify the optimal concentration to improve lettuce growth and yield. The research was conducted in Malawili Village, Sorong Regency, Indonesia, using a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments: P0 (7.5 mL/L), P1 (10.5 mL/L), P2 (13.5 mL/L), and P3 (16.5 mL/L). Results revealed that PGPR significantly enhanced growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, fresh biomass weight, biomass weight per plot, fresh weight for consumption, and root length. Among all treatments, 13.5 mL/L (P2) demonstrated the best outcomes, with plant height reaching 14.6 cm, fresh biomass weight of 633.3 g, and root length of 9.6 cm. PGPR application at appropriate concentrations effectively stimulates growth, increases nutrient uptake, and improves yield. These findings underline PGPR's potential to enhance lettuce production sustainably.
Characterization and impact of planthopper (Sanurus indecora) infestation on kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol) plants
Kepel (Stelechocarpus burahol), designated as the floral identity of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia, faces challenges from plant pests that threaten its sustainability. Understanding the morphology and impact of pests such as planthoppers on kepel is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. Despite its significance, there is a gap in research regarding the specific pests affecting kepel and their impact. This study aims to identify the morphological characteristics of planthopper pests and examine their infestation levels on kepel plants. Using a qualitative method with purposive sampling, samples were collected from kepel plants identified as infected by tree planthoppers. Morphological observations identified the pest species as Sanurus indecora from the Flatidae family. Sampling from two infected plants resulted in 81 nymphs and 16 adult S. indecora. Infestation analysis showed that kepel plant XII.G.D had a 7.4% infestation rate, while XIV.G.II had a 23% infestation rate. These findings highlight the presence and impact of S. indecora on kepel plants, providing critical information for the bioecology of this pest. This study not only fills a research gap by documenting the pests affecting kepel but also contributes to the broader knowledge required for developing targeted pest management strategies, ensuring the conservation and health of kepel plants in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.