Determinan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Pada Hubungan Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Pada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Riau)
Keywords:
Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Hubungan Kecerdasan Spiritual, Kinerja Pegawai
Abstract
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Riau dengan tujuan mengkaji determinan kepemimpinan transformasional pada hubungan kecerdasan spiritual terhadap kinerja pegawai. Populasi penelitian ini adalah semua pegawai pada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Riau yang berjumlah 95. Namun dikurangi dengan peneliti sehingga total sampel adalah 94 orang. Penelitian ini akan menggunakan sampel jenuh yaitu seluruh populasi dijadikan sebagai sampel. Analisa data penelitian ini menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan analisis verifikatif, sebagai alat analisis digunakan Sctruktural Equational Model yang diproses dengan Software SmartPLS2. Hasil analisis membuktikan bahwa pada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Riau, kecerdasan spiritual mempengaruhi naik atau turunnya kinerja pegawai dan kepemimpinan transformasional mampu memperkuat pengaruh kecerdasan spiritual terhadap kinerja pegawai.
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References
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Baharuddin., & Zakaria, Rahmatia. 2018. “Pengaruh Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Guru di SMAN 3 Takalar Kabupaten Takalar.” Jurnal Idaarah, Vol. 2, NO. 1, Juni 2018.
Bhavaneswari, S., P. Jagadeesan., & P. Balaji. 2019. “Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Workplace Spirituality and Performance.” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4S3, December.
Caillier, James Gerard. 2013. “Transformational Leadership and Wistle Blowing Attitute: Is This Relationship Mediate By Organizational Commitmen and Public Service Motivation.” The American Reviue Public Aministration, First Publish, Desember.
David N. Ammons., & Dale J. Roenigk. 2015. “Performance Management in Local Government: Is Practice Influenced by Doctrine?” Public Performance and Management Review.
Durand, J., Mayfield, C., & Tombaugh, J. R. 2011. “Spiritual expression at work: Exploring the active voice of workplace spirituality.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 19(2), 146-176. doi:10.1108/19348831111135083
Florentina, K Tehubijuluw. 2014. “The Effect Of Spiritual Intellegence To Increase Organization Performance Throiugh Workers Job Satisfaction.” Business and Entrepreneurial ReviewISSN 0853-9189Vol. 14, No.1, October 2014, page 1 – 14.
Geula, K. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Development. Paper Presented at The Forum for Integrated Education and Educational Reform, Santa Cruz, CA, October 28-30. Accessed on June 2, 2009 from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/CGIE/guela.pdf.
Giacalone, R., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. 2010. “Spiritual well-being, spiritual intelligence, and healthy workplace policy. In Emmons, R., Keortge, S., & Paloutzian., R. (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 73-86).
Hall, Janelle C. 2020. “Exploring Spiritual Intelligence and Career Success Among People.” Disertation, Walden Univercity.
Hosseini, M., Elias, H., Krauss, S. E., & Aishah, S. 2010. “A review study on spiritual intelligence, adolescence and spiritual intelligence, factors that may contribute to individual differences in spiritual intelligence, and the related theories.” International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 179.
Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. 2013. “Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: A cross‐sectional study.” Journal of clinical nursing, 22(21-22), 3192-3202.
Keskes, Imen. 2014. “Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employeeorganizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of futuredirections.” Intangible Capital, IC, 2014 – 10(1): 26-51 – Online ISSN: 1697-9818 – Print ISSN: 2014-3214http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.476.
Kumar, M. 2016. “Workplace spirituality and employee work attitude: exploring gender as a moderator.” Journal of Business and Management. 18(5) 01-10. doi:10.9790/487x1805020110
Lam, C. S., & O'Higgins, E. R. 2012. “Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 33(2), 149-174.
Malik, Muhammad Shaukat., & Tariq, Sana. 2016. “Impact of Spiritual Intelligence on Organizational Performance.” International Review of Management and Marketing. Vol 6. Issue 2.
Masitoh, Siti., & Sudarma, Ketut. 2019. “The Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence on Work Satisfaction with Employee Performance as Intervening Variables.” Management Analysis Journal 8 (1).
Mega, Meri Mustika., & Febsri, Susanti. 2019. “Pengaruh Sanksi, Reward, dan Pengembangan SDM Terhadap Disiplin Kerja Pada Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang Kabupaten Dharmasraya.” OSF.IO, diambil pada 8 April 2020.
Muhdar H.M., Mahlia, Muis., Ria, Mardiana Yusuf., & Nurjannah, Hamid. 2015. “The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employees Performance (A Study on Islamic Banks in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia).” The International Journal Of Business & Management (ISSN 2321 –8916), Volume 3, Issue 1.
Ndevu, Z.J., & Muller, K. 2018. “Operationalising performance management in local government: The use of the balanced scorecard.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 16(0), a977. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajhrm.v16i0.977.
Nikoopour, Jahanbakhsh; Esfandiari, Nadimeh. 2017. “The Relationship between Emotional, Social, Cultural, Spiritual Intelligence and EFL Teachers' Teaching Effectiveness.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research; London Vol. 8, Iss. 1, (Jan 2017): 138-148. DOI:10.17507/jltr.0801.17.
Obiwuru, et.al. 2011. “Effects of Leadership Style On Organizational Performance: A Survey of Selected Small Scale Enterprises In Ikosi- Ketu Council Development Area of Lagos State, Nigeria”. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research. 1 (7): 100-111.
Ozge, Oztekin., Sabiha Is ̧c ̧i., and Engin, Karadag. 2015. “The Effect of Leadership on Organizational Commitment.” DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0_4
Pande, I Made Dwi Upariadi Sudatmaja., Widyani, Anak Agung Dwi., & Cipta, I Wayan Febri. 2019. “Pengaruh Beragam Kecerdasan dan Kepemimpinan Transaksional Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Departemen Service AUTO 2000 Sanur.” VALUES, Volume 1 Issue 1.
Parawitha, A.A. Gde Agung., & Gorda, A.A.N. Eddy Supriyadinata. 2017. “Pengaruh Kecerdaasan Spiritual, Kecerdasan Emosional, Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja.” Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen & Bisnis ISSN: 2528-1208 (print), ISSN: 2528-2077 (online), Volume 2, No. 2, Desember 2017 http://journal.undiknas.ac.id/index.php/manajemen.
Machdalena, Agustini Fitriasari., & Hanif, Mauludin. 2018. “The Influence of Leadership on Employee Performance with Organizational Culture and Work Motivation as Intervening Variables.” Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2018, 43 ISSN 2201-2796.
Rafsanjani, Hashemi. (2017). “Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Dalam Pelayanan Masyarakat di Kelurahan Bukit Pinang Kecamatan Samarinda Ulu. eJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2017, 5 (2): 873-886 ISSN 2477-2458 (online), ISSN 2477-2631 (cetak), ejournal.ip.f isip-unmul.ac.id. © Copyright 2017.
Ratu, Noldy Imanuel H,. Maria, Mediatrix Ratna Sari., & I G. A. M. Asri Dwija Putri. 2018. “Kecerdasan Spritual Memoderasi Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi Pada Kinerja Penyusunan Laporan Akuntabilitas Instansi Pemerintah (LAKIP).” ISSN : 2337-3067, E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana 7.1 (2018): 57-86.
Rini, Rahmawati., & Diana Sulianti K Tobing. 2019. “The Role Of Transformational Leadership On Organizational Commitment And Job Satisfaction Of Tax Office Officers (KPP) In Banjarmasin.” International Journal Of Scientific & technology Research, Volume 8, Issue 07, Juli, ISSN 2277-8616.
Shastri, R.K.; Shashi Mishra, K.; Sinha, A. 2010. “Charismatic leadership andorganizational commitment: An Indian perspective.” African Journal of BusinessManagement, 4(10): 1946-1953.
Solimun., Fernandes, Adji Rahmad Rinaldo., Nurjannah. 2017. Metode Statistika Multivariate Permodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM), Pendekataan WarpPLS. Cetakan Kedua, UB Press, Malang.
Sriani. 2015. Urgensi Keseimbangan IQ, EQ, SQ Pendidik Dalam Proses Manajemen Pembelajaran. Nur El-Islam,Volume 2, Nomor 1, April 2015.
Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, (2015), Perilaku Organisasi, Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Soebyakto, B.B., Ming, C.W. 2012. “An empirical testing of intelligence, emotional and spiritual quotients quality of managers using structural equation modeling.” International Journal of Independent Research and Studies, 1(1), 1-12.
Supriyanto, A. S., & Troena, E. A. (2012). Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional dan Kecerdasan Spiritual terhadap Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Manajer (Studi di Bank Syari’ah Kota Malang)‘. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 10(4), 693-617.
Supriyanto, Achmad Sani., Vivin, Maharani Ekowati., & Masyhuri. 2019. “The Relationship Among Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Employee Performance.” Etikonomi Volume 18 (2), 2019: 249 – 258, P-ISSN: 1412-8969; E-ISSN: 2461-0771.
Suwarno., & Rizki, Yudha Bramantyo. 2019. “Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Organisasi.” Jurnal Transparansi Hukum, P-ISSN 2613-9200, E-ISSN 2613-9197.
Upadhyay, Shalini. 2017. “Can Spiritual Intelligence Influence Research Performance in Higher Education? Framework for Human Resource Development in Higher Education.” Administrative Management Public, (28), 153-173.
Wallter A Oyaya. 2017. “Influence of Leadership Style On Performance Of Contruction Project: A Case Of Housing Projects In Weslands Sub-County, Nairoby, Kenya.” A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi.
Wahyuni., Endang, Erawan., & M.Z Arifin. 2018. “Pengaruh Pemberian Penghargaan (Reward) dan Sanksi/Hukuman (Punishment) Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Kantor Kecamatan Tanjung Redeb Kabupaten Berau.” eJournal Administrasi Negara, Volume 6, Nomor 4, 2018 : 8104-8116. ISSN 2541-674x, ejournal.an.fisip-unmul.ac.id Copyright 2018
Wispandono, Moh., & Helmi Buyung. 2019. “Pengaruh Kecerdasan Intelektual, Kecerdasan Emosional dan Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhdap Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Pada Kantor Kecamatan Kabupaten Bangkalan).” Eco Entrepenuer, Volume 5, nomor 1.
Anasrullah, Muhammad. 2016. “Pengaruh Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan dan Motivasi Kerja Sebagai Variabel Intervening (Studi Kasus Pada Bank Muamalat Tulungagung).” Prociding pada Seminar Nasional Manajemen, Ekonomis dan Akuntasi.
Baharuddin., & Zakaria, Rahmatia. 2018. “Pengaruh Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhadap Peningkatan Kinerja Guru di SMAN 3 Takalar Kabupaten Takalar.” Jurnal Idaarah, Vol. 2, NO. 1, Juni 2018.
Bhavaneswari, S., P. Jagadeesan., & P. Balaji. 2019. “Relationship of Emotional Intelligence, Workplace Spirituality and Performance.” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE), ISSN: 2277-3878, Volume-8 Issue-4S3, December.
Caillier, James Gerard. 2013. “Transformational Leadership and Wistle Blowing Attitute: Is This Relationship Mediate By Organizational Commitmen and Public Service Motivation.” The American Reviue Public Aministration, First Publish, Desember.
David N. Ammons., & Dale J. Roenigk. 2015. “Performance Management in Local Government: Is Practice Influenced by Doctrine?” Public Performance and Management Review.
Durand, J., Mayfield, C., & Tombaugh, J. R. 2011. “Spiritual expression at work: Exploring the active voice of workplace spirituality.” International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 19(2), 146-176. doi:10.1108/19348831111135083
Florentina, K Tehubijuluw. 2014. “The Effect Of Spiritual Intellegence To Increase Organization Performance Throiugh Workers Job Satisfaction.” Business and Entrepreneurial ReviewISSN 0853-9189Vol. 14, No.1, October 2014, page 1 – 14.
Geula, K. (2004). Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Development. Paper Presented at The Forum for Integrated Education and Educational Reform, Santa Cruz, CA, October 28-30. Accessed on June 2, 2009 from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/CGIE/guela.pdf.
Giacalone, R., & Jurkiewicz, C. L. 2010. “Spiritual well-being, spiritual intelligence, and healthy workplace policy. In Emmons, R., Keortge, S., & Paloutzian., R. (Eds.), Handbook of workplace spirituality and organizational performance (pp. 73-86).
Hall, Janelle C. 2020. “Exploring Spiritual Intelligence and Career Success Among People.” Disertation, Walden Univercity.
Hosseini, M., Elias, H., Krauss, S. E., & Aishah, S. 2010. “A review study on spiritual intelligence, adolescence and spiritual intelligence, factors that may contribute to individual differences in spiritual intelligence, and the related theories.” International Journal of Psychological Studies, 2(2), 179.
Kaur, D., Sambasivan, M., & Kumar, N. 2013. “Effect of spiritual intelligence, emotional intelligence, psychological ownership and burnout on caring behaviour of nurses: A cross‐sectional study.” Journal of clinical nursing, 22(21-22), 3192-3202.
Keskes, Imen. 2014. “Relationship between leadership styles and dimensions of employeeorganizational commitment: A critical review and discussion of futuredirections.” Intangible Capital, IC, 2014 – 10(1): 26-51 – Online ISSN: 1697-9818 – Print ISSN: 2014-3214http://dx.doi.org/10.3926/ic.476.
Kumar, M. 2016. “Workplace spirituality and employee work attitude: exploring gender as a moderator.” Journal of Business and Management. 18(5) 01-10. doi:10.9790/487x1805020110
Lam, C. S., & O'Higgins, E. R. 2012. “Enhancing employee outcomes: The interrelated influences of managers' emotional intelligence and leadership style.” Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 33(2), 149-174.
Malik, Muhammad Shaukat., & Tariq, Sana. 2016. “Impact of Spiritual Intelligence on Organizational Performance.” International Review of Management and Marketing. Vol 6. Issue 2.
Masitoh, Siti., & Sudarma, Ketut. 2019. “The Effect of Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence on Work Satisfaction with Employee Performance as Intervening Variables.” Management Analysis Journal 8 (1).
Mega, Meri Mustika., & Febsri, Susanti. 2019. “Pengaruh Sanksi, Reward, dan Pengembangan SDM Terhadap Disiplin Kerja Pada Dinas Pekerjaan Umum dan Penataan Ruang Kabupaten Dharmasraya.” OSF.IO, diambil pada 8 April 2020.
Muhdar H.M., Mahlia, Muis., Ria, Mardiana Yusuf., & Nurjannah, Hamid. 2015. “The Influence of Spiritual Intelligence, Leadership, and Organizational Culture on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Employees Performance (A Study on Islamic Banks in Makassar, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia).” The International Journal Of Business & Management (ISSN 2321 –8916), Volume 3, Issue 1.
Ndevu, Z.J., & Muller, K. 2018. “Operationalising performance management in local government: The use of the balanced scorecard.” SA Journal of Human Resource Management/SA Tydskrif vir Menslikehulpbronbestuur, 16(0), a977. https://doi.org/ 10.4102/sajhrm.v16i0.977.
Nikoopour, Jahanbakhsh; Esfandiari, Nadimeh. 2017. “The Relationship between Emotional, Social, Cultural, Spiritual Intelligence and EFL Teachers' Teaching Effectiveness.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research; London Vol. 8, Iss. 1, (Jan 2017): 138-148. DOI:10.17507/jltr.0801.17.
Obiwuru, et.al. 2011. “Effects of Leadership Style On Organizational Performance: A Survey of Selected Small Scale Enterprises In Ikosi- Ketu Council Development Area of Lagos State, Nigeria”. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research. 1 (7): 100-111.
Ozge, Oztekin., Sabiha Is ̧c ̧i., and Engin, Karadag. 2015. “The Effect of Leadership on Organizational Commitment.” DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-14908-0_4
Pande, I Made Dwi Upariadi Sudatmaja., Widyani, Anak Agung Dwi., & Cipta, I Wayan Febri. 2019. “Pengaruh Beragam Kecerdasan dan Kepemimpinan Transaksional Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Departemen Service AUTO 2000 Sanur.” VALUES, Volume 1 Issue 1.
Parawitha, A.A. Gde Agung., & Gorda, A.A.N. Eddy Supriyadinata. 2017. “Pengaruh Kecerdaasan Spiritual, Kecerdasan Emosional, Kepemimpinan Transformasional Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja.” Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen & Bisnis ISSN: 2528-1208 (print), ISSN: 2528-2077 (online), Volume 2, No. 2, Desember 2017 http://journal.undiknas.ac.id/index.php/manajemen.
Machdalena, Agustini Fitriasari., & Hanif, Mauludin. 2018. “The Influence of Leadership on Employee Performance with Organizational Culture and Work Motivation as Intervening Variables.” Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume VI, Issue VII, July 2018, 43 ISSN 2201-2796.
Rafsanjani, Hashemi. (2017). “Kinerja Aparatur Sipil Negara Dalam Pelayanan Masyarakat di Kelurahan Bukit Pinang Kecamatan Samarinda Ulu. eJournal Ilmu Pemerintahan, 2017, 5 (2): 873-886 ISSN 2477-2458 (online), ISSN 2477-2631 (cetak), ejournal.ip.f isip-unmul.ac.id. © Copyright 2017.
Ratu, Noldy Imanuel H,. Maria, Mediatrix Ratna Sari., & I G. A. M. Asri Dwija Putri. 2018. “Kecerdasan Spritual Memoderasi Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Budaya Organisasi Pada Kinerja Penyusunan Laporan Akuntabilitas Instansi Pemerintah (LAKIP).” ISSN : 2337-3067, E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana 7.1 (2018): 57-86.
Rini, Rahmawati., & Diana Sulianti K Tobing. 2019. “The Role Of Transformational Leadership On Organizational Commitment And Job Satisfaction Of Tax Office Officers (KPP) In Banjarmasin.” International Journal Of Scientific & technology Research, Volume 8, Issue 07, Juli, ISSN 2277-8616.
Shastri, R.K.; Shashi Mishra, K.; Sinha, A. 2010. “Charismatic leadership andorganizational commitment: An Indian perspective.” African Journal of BusinessManagement, 4(10): 1946-1953.
Solimun., Fernandes, Adji Rahmad Rinaldo., Nurjannah. 2017. Metode Statistika Multivariate Permodelan Persamaan Struktural (SEM), Pendekataan WarpPLS. Cetakan Kedua, UB Press, Malang.
Sriani. 2015. Urgensi Keseimbangan IQ, EQ, SQ Pendidik Dalam Proses Manajemen Pembelajaran. Nur El-Islam,Volume 2, Nomor 1, April 2015.
Stephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge, (2015), Perilaku Organisasi, Jakarta: Salemba Empat.
Soebyakto, B.B., Ming, C.W. 2012. “An empirical testing of intelligence, emotional and spiritual quotients quality of managers using structural equation modeling.” International Journal of Independent Research and Studies, 1(1), 1-12.
Supriyanto, A. S., & Troena, E. A. (2012). Pengaruh Kecerdasan Emosional dan Kecerdasan Spiritual terhadap Kepemimpinan Transformasional, Kepuasan Kerja dan Kinerja Manajer (Studi di Bank Syari’ah Kota Malang)‘. Jurnal Aplikasi Manajemen, 10(4), 693-617.
Supriyanto, Achmad Sani., Vivin, Maharani Ekowati., & Masyhuri. 2019. “The Relationship Among Spiritual Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence, Organizational Citizenship Behaviour, and Employee Performance.” Etikonomi Volume 18 (2), 2019: 249 – 258, P-ISSN: 1412-8969; E-ISSN: 2461-0771.
Suwarno., & Rizki, Yudha Bramantyo. 2019. “Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Organisasi.” Jurnal Transparansi Hukum, P-ISSN 2613-9200, E-ISSN 2613-9197.
Upadhyay, Shalini. 2017. “Can Spiritual Intelligence Influence Research Performance in Higher Education? Framework for Human Resource Development in Higher Education.” Administrative Management Public, (28), 153-173.
Wallter A Oyaya. 2017. “Influence of Leadership Style On Performance Of Contruction Project: A Case Of Housing Projects In Weslands Sub-County, Nairoby, Kenya.” A Research Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Award of the Degree of Master of Arts in Project Planning and Management of the University of Nairobi.
Wahyuni., Endang, Erawan., & M.Z Arifin. 2018. “Pengaruh Pemberian Penghargaan (Reward) dan Sanksi/Hukuman (Punishment) Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai di Kantor Kecamatan Tanjung Redeb Kabupaten Berau.” eJournal Administrasi Negara, Volume 6, Nomor 4, 2018 : 8104-8116. ISSN 2541-674x, ejournal.an.fisip-unmul.ac.id Copyright 2018
Wispandono, Moh., & Helmi Buyung. 2019. “Pengaruh Kecerdasan Intelektual, Kecerdasan Emosional dan Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhdap Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Pada Kantor Kecamatan Kabupaten Bangkalan).” Eco Entrepenuer, Volume 5, nomor 1.
Published
2021-07-01
How to Cite
Nova Sukma. (2021). Determinan Kepemimpinan Transformasional Pada Hubungan Kecerdasan Spiritual Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai (Studi Pada Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika dan Statistik Provinsi Riau). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Terapan, 3(1), 42-53. https://doi.org/10.31849/jmbt.v3i1.9031
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Articles
