Penerapan Ekonomi Hijau Swedia dan Indonesia: Energi dan Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim

Abstract

In Sweden, from 1990 to 2018, it was shown that economic and population growth can align with the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. The population increased by more than 1.6 million and the GDP nearly doubled, while CO₂ emissions dropped by 27%. The GDP per unit of CO₂ fell by 60%, indicating an improvement in economic efficiency without shifting emissions to other countries. The reduction in emissions in Sweden largely occurred between 2003 and 2014, thanks to technological advancements, renewable energy, energy efficiency, and industrial changes. Sweden is committed to achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2045, requiring a reduction of 5-8% per year from 2015 to 2045. In Indonesia, the Green Economy has been implemented since 2013 through cooperation between Bappenas and the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI). In 2020, Indonesia set a target to reduce CO₂ emissions by 29% by 2030 with its own efforts, or 41% with international support. The government also established Presidential Regulation No. 98 of 2021 to support emission reductions through Carbon Economic Value (NEK). However, CO₂ emissions from the energy sector in Indonesia tended to increase by an average of 3.57% per year between 2010 and 2019, making Indonesia the 10th largest CO₂ emitter in the world. The high use of fossil energy indicates the need to optimize renewable energy resources such as geothermal, hydropower, nuclear energy, and solar power. Sweden and Indonesia are committed to reducing carbon emissions and promoting the Green Economy by emphasizing the importance of transitioning to renewable energy resources and implementing policies that support sustainable development to mitigate the impact of climate change.