China Ambition Through Digital Silk Road and Its Impact to Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31849/3xj1ey37Keywords:
Digital silk road, Digital connectivity, Cyber Security, Bilateral RelationshipsAbstract
Focusing on the Digital Silk Road (DSR) initiative, this study analyzes the China's ambition through DSR and its impact to Indonesia, particularly in developing digital connectivity in Indonesia. DSR is often viewed as China's strategy to expand geopolitical influence and strengthen its authoritarian governance model through collaboration in the digital field. This study uses the theory of cooperation and cyber diplomacy as an analytical framework to understand the dynamics of this bilateral relationship. Through this theoretical lens, it will examine how China, with its ambition to become a "cyber superpower", manifests its aggressiveness in digital cooperation with Indonesia. This study will identify emerging patterns of cooperation, including digital infrastructure investment, technology transfer, and cyber capacity building. In addition, it will analyze various challenges in developing digital connectivity in Indonesia, such as issues of cybersecurity, data privacy, technological dependency, and potential impacts on digital sovereignty. Thus, this research offers an initial insight into the complexities and implications of China-Indonesia cooperation in the context of DSR, and how it shapes Indonesia's digital landscape.References
Acronis. What is Cyber Security? https://www.acronis.com/en- us/articles/what-is-cyber- security/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw4eaJBhDMARIsANhrQABHHFNJLUfkJLv- yJBLoX3Y-d 9pPkSWr4P83U0MxdUlETomE-RDqhsaAopTEALw_wcB. Diakses pada 09 Februari 2025.
Ananda, Putra. (2021). Serangan Siber di RI Terus Meningkat, Capai 448 Juta Kasus. Media Indonesia. https://mediaindonesia.com/politik-dan- hukum/414225/serangan-siber-di-ri-terus-meningkat-capai-448-juta- kasus. Diakses pada 25 Januari 2025.
Anggit, I. (2018). Dari WeChat Hingga Go-Jek, Ini Gurita Bisnis Tencent di RI.
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/te ch/20181114110210-37- 42065/dari-wechat-hingga-go-jek- ini-gurita-bisnis-tencent-di-ri. Diakses pada 24 Januari 2025.
Alibaba Cloud Press. (2018). Alibaba Cloud’s Indonesian Data Center Commences Operation |
Alibaba Cloud Press Room. Alibaba Cloud. dalam https://www.alibabacloud.com/pres s-room/alibaba-clouds-indonesian- data-center-commences-operation. Diakses pada 10 Februari 2025.
Armandhanu, Denny. ‘Ambisi Tiongkok Menggarap Jalur Sutra’.
https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20141120041914-113-12636/ambisi-tiongkok-menggarap-jalur-sutra. Diakses pada 17 Februari 2025.
Bruni, M. (2019). The Belt and Road Initiative. Demographic trends, labour markets and welfare
systems of member countries. 1–21. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/191048 %0AStandard- Nutzungsbedingungen. Diakses pada 15 Maret 2025.
Cheney, C. (2019). China’s Digital Silk Road: Strategic Technological Competition and Exporting Political Illiberalism (Vol. 19, Issue July).
China Internet Network Information Center. (2018). Statistical Report on Internet Development in
China.
https://cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201807/P020180711391069195909.pdf Diakses pada 10 Februari 2025.
China Internet Network Information Center. (2018). Statistical Report on Internet Development in
China.https://cnnic.com.cn/IDR/ReportDownloads/201807/P020180711391069195909.pdf Diakses pada 10 Februari 2025.
CSIS (2018). Exploring The Potential of Digitalization for Inclusive Socio-Economic Development in Eastern Indonesia. Jakarta: Centre for Strategic and International Studies.
Congressional Research Service (CRS). (2020). Assessing the national security risks of Huawei’s 5G technology in the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress.
DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3571938.oud Press. Diakses pada 23 Mei 2025.
Damuri, Y. R., Perkasa, V. P., Atje, R., & Hirawan, F. (2019). Perceptions and Readiness of Indonesia Towards the Belt and Road Initiative.
Febriawan, Dimas & Marisa, Hizra. (2024). Understanding Indonesia’s Cyber Security Policies: Opportunities and Challenges In The Digitalization Transformation Era. JOELS: Journal of Election and Leadership, 5(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.31849/joels.v5i1.15908
GT staff reporters. (2021). China, Indonesia sign MoU on internet security amid Washington pressure on Beijing’s 5G technology. Global Times.
Gupta, Deepak. (2021). “Data localization is now a big part of doing business globally,” Brinknews. Dalam https://www.brinknews.com/data-localization-is-now-a-big-part-of-doing- business-globally/. Diakses pada 20 April 2025.
Hall, 2006; Neumann, 2002, 2003; Watson, 1982 dalam Barrinha, A., & Renard, T. (2017). Cyber-diplomacy: the making of an international society in the digital age. Global Affairs, 3(4-5), 353-364. doi:10.1080/23340460.2017.1414924
Huawei. (2021). Huawei Strengthens Contribution and Cooperation in Indonesia Cyber Security. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/ 2021/9/tripartite-cooperation- agreement-indonesia-cyber- security. Diakses pada 15 April 2025.
Hodzic, N. (2017). Cyber-Diplomacy: Framing the Transformation. Thesis, Central European University, Department of International Relations , Budapest, Hungary.
Jonsson, Christer, Richard T. B. Langhorne. (2004). Diplomacy. SAGE Publications Ltd.
Johnston, A. I. (2003). Is China a Status Quo Power? International Security, 27(4), 5–56. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4137603. Diakses pada 21 April 2025.
Keith, R. C. (2018). Deng Xiaoping and China’s foreign policy. Dalam Deng Xiaoping and China’s Foreign Policy. https://doi.org/10.4324/978131540 9696. Diakses pada 10 Februari 2025.
Kennedy, Scott. ‘Made in China 2025’ (Centre for Strate- gic & International Studies, 1 June 2015) https://www. csis.org/analysis/made-china-2025. Diakses pada 10 Maret 2025.
Kominfo. (2015). Huawei Bangun Pusat Inovasi Untuk Kembangkan SDM di Bidang ICT. Kementrian Komunikasi Dan Informasi. Diakses pada 10 Maret 2025.
Kominfo. (2022). Kolaborasi pengembangan 5G di Solo Technopark. Retrieved from https://www.kominfo.go.id. Diakses pada 22 Mei 2025.
Konferensi Tahunan Forum Zhongguancun 2025 dalam https://www.zgcforum.com/en/. Diakses pada 11 Maret 2025.
Lewis, James A. (2018). “How 5G will Shape Innovation and Security: A Primer,” Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2018.
Lobell, steven e., Ripsman, norrin m., & Taliaferro, jeffrey w. (2009). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge University Press.
Marisa, Hizra. (2023). Memahami Literasi Digital (Digital Literacy) dan Keterampilan Digital (Digital Talent) Masyarakat Indonesia Dalam Era Transformasi Digital. Dalam buku Refleksi Politik Internasional Kontemporer Gatot Subroto Kav. 97. https://penerbitlitnus.co.id/portfolio/refleksi-politik-internasional-kontemporer-gatot-subroto-kav-97/. Diakses pada 25 April 2025.
Morgenthau, H. J. (1978). Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace (5th ed.). Alfred A Knopf Inc. National Development and Reform Comission (NDRC), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), &
Ministry of Commerce (PRC). (2015). Vision and Actions on Jointly Building Silk Road Economic Belt and 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road. In White Paper (Issue March). https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease_ 8232/201503/t20150330_1193900. html . Diakses pada 25 April 2025.
Nye, J. (2004). Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. United States: Public Affairs.
Patrick, S. M. (2018). Belt and Router: China Aims for Tighter Internet Controls with Digital Silk Road | Council on Foreign Relations. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/blog/belt-and- router-china-aims-tighter-internet-controls-digital-silk-road, Diakses pada 11 Maret 2025.
PCR The State Council of the People’s Republic of China (2015). Made in China 2025. http://m.mof.gov.cn/zcfb/201505/t20150519_1233751.htm. Diakses pada 20 April 2025.
Roche. (2019). https://www.roche.com/investors/annualreport19.htm#diagnostics. Diakses pada 20 April 2025.
Roy, S. L. (1995). Diplomasi. Raja Grafindo Persada.
Sari, Puspita Rita. (2024). China Bangun Pusat Inovasi AI untuk Meningkatkan Pengembangan AI. https://www.cloudcomputing.id/berita/china-pusat-inovasi-ai. Dikases pada 21 April 2025.
SCMP. “Is Indonesia becoming too reliant on Huawei?”. Dalam South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/economics/article/3112634/indonesia- becoming-too-reliant-huawei. Diakses pada 10 April 2025.
Shen, H. (2018). Building a Digital Silk Road? Situating the Internet in China’s Belt and Road Initiative. International Journal of Communication, 12, 2683–2701.
Sotiriu, S. (2015). Digital Diplomacy: Between promises and reality. Dalam C. Bjola, & M. Holmes (Penyunt.), Digital diplomacy: theory and practice. New York: Routledge.
The Jakarta Post. “Alibaba steps up cloud game in Indonesia,” https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/16/alibaba-steps-up-cloud-game-in-indonesia.html. Diakses pada 20 April 2025.
Wübbeke, J., Meissner, M., Zenglein, M. J., Ives, J., & Conrad, B. (2016). Made In China 2025: The making of a high-tech superpower and consequences for industrial countries. MERICS Papers on China, 2, 76. https://www.merics.org/sites/defaul t/files/2018- 07/MPOC_No.2_MadeinChina202 5_web_0.pdf. Diakses pada 10 Maret 2025.
Wibisono, A. A. (2018). Kebijakan Kawasan Siber Asean – Polarisasi UNGGE. National Think Tank on Cyber Diplomacy.
World Economic Forum. 2014. Delivering Digital Infrastructure, Advancing the Internet Economy. World Economic Forum.
Wirajuda, M. H. (2014). The Impact of Democratisation on Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: Regional Cooperation, Promotion of Political Values, and Conflict Management. August, 1–205. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/992/1/Wiraj uda_Impact_of_Democratisation_o n_Indonesias_Foreign_Policy.pdf. Diakses pada 10 April 2025.
Yang, Guobin (2008). “A Chinese Internet? History, Practice, and Globalization?. ”https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254251223_A_Chinese_Internet_History_Practice_and_Globalization. Diakses pada 10 Maret 2025.
Zhang, S., & Wang, Y. (2021). Technological influence and competitive advantage in the age of 5G: A cross-national study. Asian Economic Review, 12(4), 154-167. Diakses pada 20 Mei 2025.
